[tex]k=-3[/tex] represents the vertical shift.
Explanation:
It is given that the function [tex]f(x)=x^{2}[/tex] and [tex]k=-3[/tex]
Now, we shall determine which of these two represents the vertical shift.
If the translated graph is shifted k units upward, then the translated function will be of the form [tex]f(x)+k[/tex] where k shifts the k units upward.
Similarly, If the translated graph is shifted k units downward, then the translated function will be of the form [tex]f(x)-k[/tex] where k shifts the k units downward.
Thus, the vertical shift of the function is represented by k units.
Hence, [tex]k=-3[/tex] represents the vertical shift.
