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This article treats the history of Latin America. The term Latin America primarily refers to the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries in the New World. Before the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the region was home to many indigenous peoples, a number of which had advanced civilizations, most notably from South; the Olmec, Maya, Muisca and Inca. The region came under control of the crowns of Spain and Portugal, which imposed both Roman Catholicism and their respective languages. Both the Spanish and the Portuguese brought African slaves to their colonies, as laborers, particularly in regions where indigenous populations who could be made to work were absent. In the early 19th century nearly all of areas of Spanish America attained independence by armed struggle, with the exceptions of Cuba and Puerto Rico. The Spanish American Wars of Independence (1808–33) were a complex series of conflicts, primarily fought between opposing groups of colonists and only secondarily against Spanish forces. Brazil, which had become a monarchy separate from Portugal, became a republic in the late 19th century. The Spanish–American War (1898) ended the Spanish colonial presence in the Americas. Political independence resulted in political and economic instability in Latin America immediately after independence. Great Britain and the United States exercised significant influence in the post-independence era, resulting in a form of neo-colonialism, whereby a country's political sovereignty remained in place, but foreign powers exercised considerable power in the economic sphere. During the Cold War, Latin America experienced social revolutions, rural and urban guerrilla movements, overt and covert United States interventions, and military coups
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