Transmission of nerve impulses relies on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in the neuron.
Conduction at synapses is always one way because, at each synapse, only one neuron has neurotransmitter (which is released into the synaptic cleft), while the other has the neurotransmitter receptors that open Na+ ion channels. Therefore, the transmission can never be in the opposite direction.
The sodium potassium pump maintains an electrical gradient across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is not actively transmitting a nerve impulse.
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