In top-down implementation, the federal government dictates the specifics of the policy and each state implements it the exact same way. So. option (b) will be regarded as relevant.
Policy is a planned set of rules intended to direct choices and produce logical results. A policy is an intention declaration that is put into practice by a method or routine. A governance body inside a company typically adopts policies. Both irrational and rational decision-making can benefit from policies. Policies that are employed in subjective decision-making typically support senior management with judgments that must be based on the relative merits of a variety of criteria, and as a result, are frequently challenging to assess objectively. Governments and other institutions also have policies in the form of laws, rules, guidelines, administrative procedures, financial incentives, and voluntary activities. Resource distributions frequently reflect political choices. The repetitive and routine organizational actions are outlined in policy.
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